Διατροφογονιδιωματική: Πραγματικότητα και προοπτικές
Keywords:
Διατροφογονιδιωματική, γενετική προδιάθεση, εντερικό μικροβίωμα, διατροφή, παχυσαρκία
Abstract
Κατευθυντήριες γραμμές πάνω στη διατροφή είναι γενικά γνωστές, αδιαμφισβήτητα χρήσιμες, ωστό- σο περιορισμένα και απρόβλεπτα αποτελεσματικές όταν απευθύνονται σε όλους, ανεξαιρέτως βιολογι- κών ιδιαιτεροτήτων. Η συχνότητα εκδήλωσης νό- σων σχετικών με την διατροφή, όπως η παχυσαρκία, ο σακχαρώδης διαβήτης τύπου 2 και καρδιολογικές δυσλειτουργίες, αποτελούν έναυσμα για μια βαθύ- τερη μελέτη και για την πρόταση μιας κατάλληλης, εξατομικευμένης διατροφής αντί της τρέχουσας πρακτικής «μία διαιτητική προσέγγιση για όλους». Έρευνες της τελευταίας δεκαετίας, κυρίως ανάμεσα
σε δίδυμα άτομα, έχουν καταφέρει να καλύψουν κάποια κενά στη γνώση της γενετικής προδιάθεσης για επιβαρυμένες βιοαποκρίσεις σε δεδομένα τρό- φιμα, ωστόσο χωρίς επαρκή ισχύ για διαγνωστική ή θεραπευτική αξιοποίησή τους. Η διαπίστωση ότι η μικροχλωρίδα του εντέρου και το γονιδίωμά της, όχι μόνο διαφέρουν εξαιρετικά έντονα ανάμεσα στα άτομα, αλλά επίσης έχουν ρόλο σε πληθώρα βιολογικών αποκρίσεων σε συστατικά τροφής, ίσως αποτελεί ένα νέο κομμάτι του παζλ της εξατομικευ- μένης διατροφής, που η επιστήμη της διατροφογο- νιδιωματικής καλείται να λύσει εν καιρώ.
References
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2. Xia, Q. and Grant, S.F. The genetics of human obesity. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2013; 1281(1): 178-190.
3. Qi L. and Cho Y.A. Gene-environment interac- tion and obesity, Nutrition Reviews 2008; 66(12): 684–694.
4. Farhud, D., Zarif Yeganeh, M., and Zarif Yeganeh, M. Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics. Iranian J PublicHealth, 2010: 39(4): 1–14.
5. Følling, I. The discovery of phenylketonuria. Acta
Pædiatrica, 1994; 83(407): 4-10.
6. Swallow, D.M. Genetics of Lactase Persistence
and Lactose Intolerance. Annu Rev Genet 2003;
37(1):197-219
7. Burdett, T., Hall, P., Flicek, P., et al. The NHGRI GWAS
Catalog, a curated resource of SNP-trait associa- tions, Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42(Database issue): D1001–D1006
8. Qi, Q., Chu, A.Y., Kang, J.H., et al. Sugar-sweetened beverages and genetic risk of obesity. N Engl J Med. 2012; 367(15): 1387–1396.
9. Allison DB, Kaprio J, Korkeila M, Koskenvuo M, Neale MC, Hayakawa K. The heritability of body mass in- dex among an international sample of monozygot- ic twins reared apart. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996; 20(6): 501-506.
10. Maes, H.H., Neale, M.C., Eaves, L.J. Genetic and En- vironmental Factors in Relative Body Weight and Human Adiposity. Behavior Genetics 1997; 27(4): 325-351.
11. Lyon, H.N., Hirschhorn, J.N. Genetics of common forms of obesity: a brief overview. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82(1): 215-217.
12. Corella, D., Peloso, G., Arnett, D.K., et al. APOA2, di- etary fat, and body mass index: replication of a gene-diet interaction in 3 independent popula- tions. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(20): 1897–1906.
13. Zhang, X., Qi, Q., Zhang, C., et al. FTO Genotype and 2-Year Change in Body Composition and Fat Distri- bution in Response to Weight-Loss Diets. Diabetes 2012; 61(11): 3005-3011.
14. Ramachandrappa, S., Farooqi IS. Genetic approach- es to understanding human obesity J Clin Invest. 2011;121(6): 2080-2086.
15. Choquet, H., Meyre, D. “Genetics of Obesity: What have we Learned?”. Current Genomics 2011; 12(3): 169-179.
16. Speliotes, E., Willer, C., Berndt, S., et al. Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index. Nat Genet 2010; 42(11): 937–948.
17. Heid, I., Jackson, A., Randall, J., et al. Meta-analysis identifies 13 new loci associated with waist-hip ratio and reveals sexual dimorphism in the genetic basis of fat distribution. Nat Genet 2010; 42(11): 949–960.
18. Collier, R. The DNA-based diet. CMAJ 2017; 189(1): E40-E41; doi: 10.1503/cmaj.109-5352
19. Caulfield,T.,Ries,N.,Ray,P.,Shuman,C.,Wilson,B.“Di-
rect-to-consumer genetic testing: good, bad or be-
nign?”. Clin Genet 2010; 77(2): 101-105.
20. Nielsen, D.E., El-Sohemy, A. Disclosure of Genetic Information and Change in Dietary Intake: A Ran- domized Controlled Trial. PLoS One 2014; 9(11):
e112665.
21. Pavlidis, C., Lanara, Z., Balasopoulou, A., Nebel, J.C.,
Katsila, T., Patrinos, G.P. Meta-Analysis of Genes in Commercially Available Nutrigenomic Tests De- notes Lack of Association with Dietary Intake and Nutrient-Related Pathologies. OMICS 2015; 19(9): 512-520
22. Janssens, J.W., Gwinn, M., Bradley, L.A, Oostra, B.A., van Duijn, C.M., Khoury, M.J. A Critical Appraisal of the Scientific Basis of Commercial Genomic Profiles Used to Assess Health Risks and Personalize Health Interventions. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 82(3): 593-599
23. Camp, K.M., Trujillo, E. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Nutritional Genomics. J Acad Nutr Diet 2014; 114(2): 299-312
24. Guasch-Ferré, M., Dashti, H.S., Merino, J. Nutritional Genomics and Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: An Overview. Adv Nutr 2018; 9(2): 128–135.
25. No authors listed. Lancet Oncol. Direct-to-consum- er genetic tests: flawed and unethical. Leading Edge 2008; 9(12): 1113.
26. Moayyeri, A., Hammond, C., Hart, D., Spector, T. The UK Adult Twin Registry (TwinsUK Resource). Twin Res Hum Genet 2013; 16(1): 144-149.
27. Hasselbalch, A.L. Genetics of dietary habits and obe- sity - a twin study. Dan Med Bull 2010; 57(9): 4182
28. Ley, R., Turnbaugh, P., Klein, S. et al. Human gut mi- crobes associated with obesity. Nature 2006; 444: 1022–1023.
29. Ursell, L.K., Metcalf, J.L., Parfrey, L.W., Knight, R. De- fining the human microbiome, Nutr Rev 2012; 70(Supp1): S38–S44.
30. Berry, S., Chan, A.T., Davies R, et al. Predicting Person- al Metabolic Responses to Food Using Multi-om- ics Machine Learning in over 1000 Twins and Sin- gletons from the UK and US: The PREDICT I Study (OR31-01-19), Current Developments in Nutrition 2019; 3(Supp1)
31. Borgen, I., Garnweidner-Holme, L.M., Jacobsen, A.F., et al. Smartphone application for women with ges- tational diabetes mellitus: a study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2017; 7(3): e013117
32. Neeha, V.S., Kinth, P. Nutrigenomics research: A re- view. J Food Sci Technol 2013; 50(3): 415–428.
